How many species in the Southern Ocean? Towards a dynamic inventory of the Antarctic marine species.
Claude de Broyer
(1)
,
Bruno Danis
(1)
,
Louise Allcock
(2)
,
Martin Angel
(3)
,
Claudia Arango
(4)
,
Tom Artois
,
David Barnes
,
Marthan Bester
(5)
,
Kasia Blachowiak-Samolyk
,
Magda Błażewicz-Paszkowycz
,
Jens Bohn
,
Nunes Brandão Simone
,
Angelika Brandt
(6)
,
Bruno David
(7)
,
Miguel de Salas
,
Tim Deprez
,
Marc Eléaume
(8)
,
Christian Emig
(9)
,
Daphne Fautin
,
Kai-Horst George
,
David Gillan
,
Andrew Gooday
(10)
,
Russ Hopcroft
,
Michel Jangoux
,
Dorte Janussen
(11)
,
Philippe Koubbi
(8)
,
Juliana Kouwenberg
(12)
,
Piotr Kuklinski
(13, 14)
,
Ryszard Ligowski
,
Dhugal Lindsay
,
Katrin Linse
(15)
,
Matt Longshaw
,
Pablo López-González
(16)
,
Ute Mühlenhardt-Siegel
,
Tomas Munilla
(17)
,
Birger Neuhaus
(18)
,
Jon Norenburg
,
Catherine Ozouf-Costaz
(19)
,
Evgeny Pakhomov
,
L. Peña-Cantero Álvaro
,
William Perrin
,
Victor Petryashov
,
Uwe Piatkowski
(20)
,
Annelies Pierrot-Bults
,
Claude Razouls
,
Anna Rocka
,
José Saiz-Salinas
,
Luitfried Salvini-Plawen
,
Victor Scarabino
,
Stefano Schiaparelli
(21)
,
Michael Schrödl
,
Enrico Schwabe
,
Fiona Scott
,
Jacek Sicinski
,
Volker Siegel
,
Igor Smirnov
,
Sven Thatje
(22)
,
Andrei Utevsky
,
Ann Vanreusel
(23)
,
Christian Wiencke
,
Eric Woehler
(24)
,
Krzysztof Zdzitowiecki
,
Patrick Martin
(25)
1
Department of Invertebrates
2 Department of Zoology [Galway]
3 COFRHIGEO - Comité français d'histoire de la géologie
4 Natural Environments Program
5 Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria]
6 Epilepsy Centre
7 BGS - Biogéosciences [UMR 6282]
8 BOREA - Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques
9 BrachNet
10 NOC - National Oceanography Centre [Southampton]
11 Sektion Marine Evertebraten I
12 Juliana Children's Hospital
13 NHM - The Natural History Museum [London]
14 Institute of Oceanology
15 BAS - British Antarctic Survey
16 Biodiversidad y Ecología de Invertebrados Marinos, Departamento de Fisiología y Zoología, Facultad de Biología
17 Laboratorio de Zoologia
18 Biology education
19 SAE - Systématique, adaptation, évolution
20 GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel]
21 DISTAV - Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences
22 Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton]
23 Marine Biology Department
24 IMAS - Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies [Hobart]
25 IRSNB - Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique
2 Department of Zoology [Galway]
3 COFRHIGEO - Comité français d'histoire de la géologie
4 Natural Environments Program
5 Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria]
6 Epilepsy Centre
7 BGS - Biogéosciences [UMR 6282]
8 BOREA - Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques
9 BrachNet
10 NOC - National Oceanography Centre [Southampton]
11 Sektion Marine Evertebraten I
12 Juliana Children's Hospital
13 NHM - The Natural History Museum [London]
14 Institute of Oceanology
15 BAS - British Antarctic Survey
16 Biodiversidad y Ecología de Invertebrados Marinos, Departamento de Fisiología y Zoología, Facultad de Biología
17 Laboratorio de Zoologia
18 Biology education
19 SAE - Systématique, adaptation, évolution
20 GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel]
21 DISTAV - Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences
22 Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton]
23 Marine Biology Department
24 IMAS - Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies [Hobart]
25 IRSNB - Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique
Bruno Danis
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Tom Artois
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David Barnes
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- ORCID : 0000-0003-1137-8220
Kasia Blachowiak-Samolyk
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Magda Błażewicz-Paszkowycz
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Jens Bohn
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Nunes Brandão Simone
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Miguel de Salas
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Tim Deprez
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Marc Eléaume
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Daphne Fautin
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Kai-Horst George
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David Gillan
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Andrew Gooday
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- ORCID : 0000-0002-5661-7371
Russ Hopcroft
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Michel Jangoux
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Philippe Koubbi
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Piotr Kuklinski
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- ORCID : 0000-0002-1507-215X
Ryszard Ligowski
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Dhugal Lindsay
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Matt Longshaw
- Fonction : Auteur
Ute Mühlenhardt-Siegel
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Jon Norenburg
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Evgeny Pakhomov
- Fonction : Auteur
L. Peña-Cantero Álvaro
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William Perrin
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- ORCID : 0000-0001-7672-1267
Victor Petryashov
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Annelies Pierrot-Bults
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Claude Razouls
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Anna Rocka
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José Saiz-Salinas
- Fonction : Auteur
Luitfried Salvini-Plawen
- Fonction : Auteur
Victor Scarabino
- Fonction : Auteur
Michael Schrödl
- Fonction : Auteur
Enrico Schwabe
- Fonction : Auteur
Fiona Scott
- Fonction : Auteur
Jacek Sicinski
- Fonction : Auteur
Volker Siegel
- Fonction : Auteur
Igor Smirnov
- Fonction : Auteur
Andrei Utevsky
- Fonction : Auteur
Christian Wiencke
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Krzysztof Zdzitowiecki
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Patrick Martin
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Résumé
The IPY sister-projects CAML and SCAR-MarBIN provided a timely opportunity, a strong collaborative framework and an appropriate momentum to attempt assessing the “Known, Unknown and Unknowable” of Antarctic marine biodiversity. To allow assessing the known biodiversity, SCAR-MarBIN “Register of Antarctic Marine Species (RAMS)” was compiled and published by a panel of 64 taxonomic experts. Thanks to this outstanding expertise mobilized for the first time, an accurate list of more than 8100 valid species was compiled and an up-to-date systematic classification comprising more than 16,800 taxon names was established. This taxonomic information is progressively and systematically completed by species occurrence data, provided by literature, taxonomic and biogeographic databases, new data from CAML and other cruises, and museum collections. RAMS primary role was to establish a benchmark of the present taxonomic knowledge of the Southern Ocean biodiversity, particularly important in the context of the growing realization of potential impacts of the global change on Antarctic ecosystems. This, in turn, allowed detecting gaps in knowledge, taxonomic treatment and coverage, and estimating the importance of the taxonomic impediment, as well as the needs for more complete and efficient taxonomic tools. A second, but not less important, role of RAMS was to contribute to the “taxonomic backbone” of the SCAR-MarBIN, OBIS and GBIF networks, to establish a dynamic information system on Antarctic marine biodiversity for the future. The unknown part of the Southern Ocean biodiversity was approached by pointing out what remains to be explored and described in terms of geographical locations and bathymetric zones, habitats, or size classes of organisms. The growing importance of cryptic species is stressed, as they are more and more often detected by molecular studies in several taxa. Relying on RAMS results and on some case studies of particular model groups, the question of the potential number of species that remains to be discovered in the Southern Ocean is discussed.
In terms of taxonomic inputs to the census of Southern Ocean biodiversity, the current rate of progress in inventorying the Antarctic marine species as well as the state of taxonomic resources and capacity were assessed. Different ways of improving the taxonomic inputs are suggested.